Pill Bug Lab Essay

Presentation The investigation of creature conduct is ethology. There are two essential classifications of creature conduct: learned conduct and inborn, or acquired, conduct. Learned conduct is when creatures get information about their conduct through understanding. In contrast to learned practices, inborn conduct exists normally in creatures, implying that creatures are brought into the world with certain practices. So as to locate an appropriate domain, creatures use direction practices. The two kinds of direction practices are taxicabs and kinesis. Taxicabs is an animal’s normal capacity to know whether an improvement is appropriate or unsatisfactory. Kinesis is characterized as arbitrary development that isn't shown in light of an improvement (Lab #12). Isopods, also called pill bugs, are foragers that feed on dead and rotting plants and creatures. Pill bugs shift in shading from dim to dim earthy colored and are effectively perceived by their oval, divided bodies. They are the main scavangers that have adjusted to carrying on with as long as they can remember ashore (Potter). Be that as it may, pill bugs despite everything inhale through gills; subsequently, they are confined to live in situations with high stickiness (â€Å"Isopod, Pillbug, Sow Bug Information†). Isopods will in general stay under articles during the day and are generally dynamic around evening time. They flourish in wet concealed spots: under rocks, enormous fallen trees, and window boxes and in sodden leaf litter and clammy cellars. Test Hypothesis On the off chance that pill bugs are commonly found in dim situations, for example, under vases, under logs, under doormats, and in heaps of leaves, at that point they will favor the clouded side of the decision chamber as opposed to the light side of the chamber. Test Design Materials - 2 sheets of channel paper - decision chamber - 2 tops - paintbrush - 10 pill bugs - box - clock Methodology Gather channel paper, a decision chamber, 2 tops, a paintbrush, 10 pill bugs, a container, and a stopwatch. Set the materials up. To begin with, place the decision chamber on the table. Next, position the channel in the base of the chamber. At that point, place 5 pill bugs on each side of the chamber. In conclusion, place the tops on each side. So as to make a dull environment, place the case more than one side of the decision chamber. This lab will be finished through the span of ten minutes. The fundamental assignment is to watch the situation of the pill bugs in brief stretches utilizing the stopwatch. Utilize the paintbrush to lead any wander pill bugs over into the decision chamber. Record any perceptions or potentially remarks.

International baccalaureate primary-year-program Essay

Global baccalaureate essential year-program - Essay Example My first very presentation to the educational program of International Baccalaureate was at a data morning, when I was a piece of a workshop held in a decent foundation school in suburbia of Mumbai, India. As of now, I have an involvement with an IB school, showing the PYP: because of my instruction. The International Baccalaureate (IB), once in the past known as the International Baccalaureate Organization, is a not-for-profit foundation which gives instructive items to the global network. Established in 1968 in Switzerland, IB's unique crucial to give educational plan to schools; providing food for offspring of Western negotiators who voyaged regularly. The thought was to keep the educational program predictable between schools so as to serve the requirements of these understudies as they moved starting with one nation then onto the next. Today, the association manages three projects, which are accessible for buy by intrigued schools. The three projects of the IB schools are as per the following: Primary Years Program(PYP) established in September 1997 provides food 3 †12 years Middle Years program(MYP) presented in 1994 caters 11 †16 years Diploma Program ( IBDP) acquainted in 1969 caters with 16 †19 years I picked the IB PYP board as I was intrigued by the expansiveness of study, the potential for singular decision, the chance to create and follow my enthusiasm as expressed from the get-go and the consideration of CAS (imagination, activity and administration). As for this module and my experience, IB PYP has truly taken loaded with my consideration. I trust I will have the option to impart my quintessence of contemplations on paper and do appropriate equity to this module without being excessively predisposition or basic. Catchphrases: Curriculum, International Baccalaureate Primary year program(IB PYP). Presentation The International Baccalaureate Primary Year Program is one of the numerous instructive projects of the International Baccalau reate (IB) framework. The program provides food for understudies who are 3 to 11 years old. Its essential objective is to set up the understudies for the center year’s program of the IB framework (IBO.org 2009). Like any IB program the essential year program was done so as to improve the aptitudes of small kids to make them learned, mindful and asking. The essential objective of the program was to deliver youngsters who have intercultural comprehension and regard with the goal that they will have the option to help make a superior and tranquil world. This objective was to be accomplished in light of the fact that the program was a transnational program that taught the way of life and foundation of a few countries and individuals with no segregation at all. Another objective of the program is to create understudies who comprehend the distinctions of others. These understudies will be urged to get dynamic, caring, and deep rooted students.  There are ten characteristics that the Primary years program (PYP) intends to upgrade or create and these are: Inquirers, Knowledgeable, scholars, communicators, principled, liberal, mindful, Risk takers, adjusted, and intelligent. As said at an opportune time, the International Baccalaureate intends to create inquisitive, learned and caring youngsters who help to make a superior and progressively tranquil world through intercultural comprehension and regard. To this end the association works with schools, governments and worldwide associations to create testing projects of universal training and thorough evaluation. These projects support understudies over the world to get dynamic, empathetic and deep rooted students who comprehend that others, with their disparities, can likewise be correct. Be that as it may, how successful is the PYP? Have the points and reasons for the PYP program truly been accomplished by and by? Are there speculations or studies that help the adequacy of the PYP program? This exposition ass esses and breaks down the points and motivations behind the PYP program and how likely these projects are accomplished in pract

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Paper Example Notwithstanding that, the reasonable †exchange development advances making sure about the privileges of the minimized parts from the creating countries (EFTA, 2006). In reality, the reasonable †exchange development has been one of the most steady and most resolute reactions of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund’s (IMF) approaches of deregulating hindrances to exchange. The case the adequacy of both the World Bank and the IMF are censured in light of its inability to additionally represent the worries of the creating scene, remembering the premiums for more prominent value for exchange (Share the World’s Resources (STWR), no date). In any case, both these Bretton Woods Institutions together with the reasonable †exchange development are as far as anyone knows intends to diminish the neediness happening all inclusive. With the contextualisation of the foundation of this exploration examination, fundamentally, the dumbfounding capacity of reasonab le †exchange development is watched. ... From one perspective, another vantage point suggests that this reasonable †exchange constitutes a genuine option in contrast to the â€Å"Washington Consensus†. Given this repudiating perspectives, this paper thinks about the need to fundamentally survey, break down, comprehend and clarify what actually the job of the reasonable †exchange it serves. In the interim, this paper fundamentally digs at talking about the capacity of the reasonable †exchange development connection to World Bank and IMF. So as to additionally comprehend the focal point of this paper, it expects to explicitly acquire the accompanying data. Initially, it calls attention to setting up what the elements of the World Bank and IMF are. Second, it looks to get a handle on a comprehension of the Washington Consensus. Third, it needs to systematically decide how the reasonable †exchange development is right now doing between the created and creating countries. Through uncovering and dissect ing such information, it can at long last examine whether reasonable †exchange is an expansion of World Bank and IMF’s strategies or in the event that it comprises a genuine option in contrast to the Washington Consensus. The case there have been such a large number of endeavors in expressing and surveying the capacities and points of reasonable †exchange, World Bank, IMF and Washington Consensus with regards to advancement. It is in such manner why this paper is of criticalness. This paper is of significance since advancement is so much an applicable idea in the field of human science as well as truly in all aspects of the world particularly that of the creating ones. By methods for advancement, reasonable †exchange, World Bank, IMF and Washington Consensus are truly chances to accomplish improvement particularly among the burdened countries. Survey of Related Literatures This area of the paper will initially introduce a

>How to Make Your Academic Research Paper Worthwhile

How to Make Your Academic Research Paper WorthwhileAcademic research paper can be a great source of income, especially if you are working on your doctorate or doctoral studies in the academic sciences. You have the option of researching the past of the thing you are researching. For example, if you are doing research on historical figures and their career, you could simply conduct your research and then write up a short account of the findings.An academic research paper that concentrates on one field of study will generally be a much better source of income for you than one that focuses on many fields of study. More specific fields of study will allow you to make greater contributions to the world and the understanding of that world, in the hopes of writing better academic research papers in the future.An academic research paper should be your gift to the world. It should be the pinnacle of your academic career. And it should be remembered.If you write a paper on 'The Failure of a Eu logy,' chances are you will not be published very often. In fact, even if you are published, chances are you will write many less academic research papers in the future. But if you write an academic research paper on 'The Miraculous Work of Medjugorje Rituals' your research will be archived forever.So as you can see, an academic research paper can be priceless. It is a gift. No one ever knows who wrote the academic research paper you wrote because that person's name is not written anywhere in the paper. The data you gathered was collected and compiled by a one-time college professor who had no research associates.So while your present academic research paper will not live beyond you, a good academic research paper can be your pet project. The more you research in the topic you are researching, the more likely you are to write one of these. You should be commended for your bravery in sticking with the topic long enough to write a research paper about it.Research is a passion. It is a n enriching experience.

Water Conservation Essay

Water conservation essay is the paper dedicated to the urgent problem of the contemporary world about the necessity and possible ways of water protection. The importance of the essay is explained by the increase of the amount of consumed water due to the growth of population, household activity and infrastructure, and climate changes. In this light, the strategies and activities used to protect water environment and save freshwater acquire the core emphasis in the water conservation essay. Water is the most valuable resource on the Earth and the essential component of the ecosystem because all living beings need it to support their living process. The development of modern industry, agriculture, and technology leads to the world catastrophe, which results in the pollution of water resources as well as their increased consumption. The goals to preserve water resources are determined by the range of necessities. First of all, it is an obligation of the humanity to save water resources for the future generations. Besides, it helps to reduce the level of used energy because water management consumes a huge amount of electricity. Finally, water is a habitat for the different wildlife representatives. Therefore, the world community tries to prevent water resources from their complete disappearing. The first step to protect water is for people to become more economical. If they control how they use water at least while washing dishes or brushing their teeth, they can save huge amounts of water. There are different water-saving technologies, such as low-flow shower heads and toilets, raw water flushing, automatic faucet, and many other smart devices, which were invented specifically for saving water. Universal metering is considered to be a useful way to reduce the amount of water wasting because it raises people’s understanding and responsibility. Besides, it helps to detect water leakage. In order to reduce the usage of water in agriculture, a pan evaporation is used. The useful feature of this device is that it determines the amount of water needed for irrigation. There are also crop correction factors for the delivery of water, such as flood irrigation, overhead irrigation, and drip irrigation. Apart from water disappearing, the problem of water pollution takes place in the modern world nowadays. Big water areas become insufficient for using because the level of their pollution is unacceptably high. It makes water resources impossible for people to consume, and fishes and plants to live in. To prevent pollution, large plants and factories have to control their emissions and assume measures to provide them with the appropriate equipment, which helps to reduce the emissions. Consequently, the problem of water pollution and conservation takes a significant place among other environmental issues due to its severity and negative consequences for the mankind and planet in general. There are different ways to prevent water pollution and preserve it by means of wise using of water resources as well as the invention of special technologies. Water conservation is an important mission for the global community to deal with to keep the planet safe for living. â€Æ' References Huffaker, R. (2008). Conservation potential of agricultural water conservation subsidies. Water Resources Research 44.7: n.a. Lal, R. (2015). A system approach to conservation agriculture. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 70.4: 82-88. Pelusey, M., Pelusey, J. (2006). Water conservation. South Yarra, Vic.: Macmillan Education. Reicosky, D. C. (2015). Conservation tillage is not conservation agriculture. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 70.5: 103-108. Water conservation. (2009). Irvine, CA: Saddleback Educational Publishing. Water Conservation Programs. (2006). Denver, CO: American Water Works Association.

Race, Incarceration, And American Values Essay - 1071 Words

Chris Brown 11/10/2016 Anth 1100 Megan Tucker Race, Incarceration, and American Values Race, Incarceration and American Values explains how incarceration is a legalized form of genocide that is slowly destroying the fiber of African American communities. Glenn Loury, along with Pamela Karian, Tommie Shelby and Loic Wacquant discuss how America has let fear and greed cause a inequitable landscape for its inhabitants who have unfortunately been born on the wrong side of the hill. The principals of equality and freedom on which America was founded on has become nothing more than smoke and mirrors. Maybe the pride America displays to the World as a Global power, incapable of wrong doing is what is holding it back from recognizing the mistakes it made and undergoing to process of change. Or maybe it s what we fear most, it s what we thought in our head but never dare to say. That it s a careful crafted system to keep those with power in power. Glenn Loury explains why incarceration became so popular and how it effects the African American community more so then others. The early 1990s was dubbed the age of crime, fueled by drive-by shootings, drug deals gone bad, crack cocaine and gangster rap, crime became the new social hot button. A study from 1960 to 1990 of New Haven, a local town in Pennsylvania found an increase in crime rates across the board. Murders, rapes, and robberies all multiplied by 6 at least even thou the city s population decreased by 20% expiationShow MoreRelatedRace, Incarceration, And American Values Essay1141 Words   |  5 Pages A Summary of Race, Incarceration, and American Values The book Race, Incarceration, and American Values describes mass incarceration as essentially a legalized form of genocide that is slowly destroying the fiber of African American families and communities. 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Furthermore, people tend to think that tho se in poverty engage inRead MoreThe New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander960 Words   |  4 PagesThe New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander tries to advance intellectual dialogue regarding mass incarceration in the United States. Alexander does this by carrying out a historical analysis of the process in which the correctional system controls African Americans through intentionally selected, and systematically sanctioned legal limits. In fact, the United States incarceration rate is not at peak by coincidence. 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During the 1800s, Rice would dress in blackface and perform a song titled Jump Jim Crow. (Bart-Planged) A decade or so after slavery was abolished in 1865, the name of this belligerent character was used to label a new set of laws that plagued African Americans in pursuit of universal freedomRead MoreJudges On Trial : A Reexamination Of Judicial Race And Gender Effects Across Modes Of Conviction1044 Words   |  5 PagesReexamination of Judicial Race and G ender Effects Across Modes of Conviction By Brian D. Johnson Purpose: The purpose of the article is to examine the issues with data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing that has been strengthened to include information on sentencing judges and criminal court contexts, and it argues that the mode of conviction shapes the focus of sentencing discretion in ways that systematically underestimate judge effects for pooled estimates of incarceration and sentence lengthRead MoreThe Necessity to Swap Ethnic Profiling for Behavioral Profiling1718 Words   |  7 Pagesalways been to become more advanced than our predecessors. We think of â€Å"civilization† as the opposite of â€Å"brutality† and we associate the former with peace and the latter with violence. For this reason, we are unable to deem a race that has walked on the moon as a â€Å"violent† race. However, â€Å"civilization† doesn’t abolish violence it simply removes the individual’s right to be violent and bestows it into the hands of a separate en tity (like the military). (Lancaster) Historically, civilization has demonstratedRead MoreThe New Jim Crow : A Civil Rights Lawyer Essay1365 Words   |  6 Pages Two million African Americans are presently under the criminal-justice system, in prison, or on probation. The past few decades, millions of more people have been in and out of the System. To be 100 percent; nearly 70 percent of people released from prison are re-arrested within three years. Most people appreciate that millions of African Americans were locked into a second-class status during slavery and Jim Crow. These earlier systems of racial control made a reminder of Political, social, andRead MoreImpact Of Incarceration Of Young Offenders1744 Words   |  7 PagesWhat Impacts Incarceration of â€Å"Young Offenders† in the United States By Cedric Washington (Abstract) This study is to examine the impact of offenders under the ages of 18 becoming incarcerated in United States. In society today there a lot of young children of all races incarcerated throughout America. All around the world there are different classes of people that form a community. Within these communities, population grows and grows on a yearly basis. When looking at the topicRead MoreRacial Disparity in Prisons Essay examples1456 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States Prison System Micah O’Daniel Institutional Corrections 2/22/11 Racial inequality in the American criminal justice system  has a strong effect of many realms of society such as the family life, and employment. Education and race seem to be the most decisive factors when deciding who goes to jail and what  age cohort  has the greatest percentage chance of incarceration. Going to prison no longer affects just the individual who committed the crime. Instead, the family and community

Business Application System free essay sample

Business Application System University of Phoenix BSA 411, Systems Analysis Methodologies September 6, 2010 Introduction There are many different business problems or business opportunities in today’s business world that need to be corrected. I have been a part of a few project teams that were responsible for correcting a few of these business problems at some of the different companies I have worked for. In this paper I will discuss the one that I feel was the biggest success due to how it helped the company. Business Application System Many years ago I worked for the hydraulic parts division of Dana Corporation particularly in the machining area. During this time there arose the need for a better business system to track what parts we had on hand and what parts we needed to make to fill the incoming orders. Being that I had a lot of experience in my department I was asked to be a part of the project team to create the system. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Application System or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The new business system would need to be able to track, in real time, what parts were needed to fill customer orders, what parts we currently had on hand in storage, and what parts were currently in the process of being machined. In order to make this business system happen there were several barriers we would have to overcome. Some of the barriers included assessing the current business situation and the business systems needs, designing the new business system that would be used to replace the old system and fix the business problem, and implementation of the new business system with as little interruption to the company output as possible. Assessing the Business System There are several different methods that can be used to gather information for analyzing requirements, some of which are more effective than others. One of those methods of information gathering for analyzing requirements is to survey to all of the employees that you can within the company. The major drawback to the survey method is that you must be very careful about the question you ask so that you get back the most useful information. Another drawback with the survey method is that many people that receive a survey might not fill it out and send it back to you. Another method of information gathering for analyzing requirements is to interview people and departments about their daily activities and needs. The biggest drawback to this method is the time that it can take to conduct all these interviews. Also some people may not want to talk in groups and some people may only feel comfortable talking when they are in a group setting. A third method of information gathering is to go around to the different areas in a corporation and get as much information about their processes as you can and then look at the standard operating procedures for the process the corporation has. This can be one of the better methods to use because you will not have to worry about people telling one thing and the company procedures saying to do it another. When you look at the company’s standard procedures you will find the approved method of doing business within company. A very good way to gather information in this third method is to go around a company and watch people and make as many notes as possible on how business is done on a day to day basis. In the end there is no one correct or incorrect method for gathering the required information. In fact the best method for gathering information for analyzing requirements is a combination of the multiple methods. The one thing to keep in mind is that the method used should be the one that is best suited for the type of information you are trying to gather. Once the information is gathered you will then move into designing the business system. Designing the Business System In the past most of the software development cycles followed a waterfall type technique. In this type of technique every step was dependant on the one before it and one step could not occur without the other. In today’s developments, this type of mentality has shown to be more of a burden than an asset on the development process. Development methodologies like the Rational Unified Process concentrate more on getting the information right the first time instead of a structured development cycle. It is important to remember when designing a business system to include feedback from all end users as much as possible. User feedback is one of the most important factors in any system and this is especially true with software. Knowing how information is going to flow through the system is very important to the mapping of the business process. Rational Unified Process gathers requirements for data flow through use cases. The requirements are then separated into two groups which are either physical or logical components to the system. Physical components are made up of anything that can be touched, seen, or heard. The physical model lays out how the components of the system are to be organized. The model is also important when trying to troubleshoot issues within the system. Physical diagrams are usually made up of network topologies. These designs show the location of network components and how they interact with one another. When using the physical diagram it is possible to follow the whole system to see how data interoperates with the physical components of the system. In the cases of system failures the physical diagram can help to determine where breakdowns have occurred and what will be needed to fix the issue. Logical components map out the relationship of the logical components in the system. Software systems are most often broken up into different tiers which are responsible for specific purposes. This separates the components from each other and provides a higher level of reusability. Software logical tiers can include data, business logic, and presentation but outside of operating systems software cannot exist by itself. This means that another component of the logical design must be the mapping out of how the software will reside in the physical system. This will include the platform on which the software runs as well as any necessary middleware components and the software itself. The logical design can be much more intensive when compared to a physical design because it covers everything from entity relationship diagrams for the data to object modeling of the software. The logical design also maps out the processes by which the different components interact. Every company handles business processes in their own unique way. Mapping the business process flow is a very important step in any system design and knowing how the data is stored in the database is not much help if the business rules defining the data are not known. Once you have the new business system designed then you will be ready to move on to the implementation of the new system. Implementation of the Business System There are two main methods that a person could use to implement a business system. These two methods for implementation include parallel and cut-over. In the parallel method the new system is brought up next to the old system and both systems are running the same data at the same time. The parallel method is helpful if an analyst thinks that there might be an issue with the new system and how the old systems data will be handled by the new system. The parallel method would also allow for data integrity checking between the old and new systems. The second method is referred to as the cut-over method. In the cut-over method the new system is brought on line and the old system is dropped off line pretty much all at the same time. The major drawback to this method is there is no way to check to see if the new system and old system handle the data the same way and there is no the chance for integrity checking of the data. The number one reason for using a cut-over method is that there is not a current system in place. There are also many different tools that can be used to implement a business system. One of the tools available is a graphical user programming environment, or GUE, that can be used to modify the source code in order to change the end users windows to comply with the company’s wants and needs. Another tool that is available is one that is specific to the program used and comes with the business system software. With the business system software tool a programmer can use it to modify the business system software so the business process matches the company’s requirements and add a level of customization to the business system software. Conclusion The business system that we as a project team designed and implemented for Dana Corporation was a huge success. It helped them to not only keep better track of what parts we had on hand it also helped the company to actually decrease the amount of time it took to fill customers orders which related to a higher customer satisfaction. Without proper assessment, design, and implementation we would not have been able to overcome the barriers that we faced. References Blaha, M. Rumbaugh, J. (2005). Object-Oriented Modeling and Design with UML (2nd ed. ). Prentice Hall. Curran, T. Ladd, A. (2000). SAP R/3 Business Blueprint: Understanding Enterprise Supply Chain Management. Prentice Hall. Stockley, D. (1996-2010). Implementing new business systems successfully. Retrieved September 5, 2010, from http://derekstockley. com. au/lgpro. html

PBS Sorting People Assignment

‘Race’ is the word commonly used to describe any group of people with similar characteristics. According to the PBS’ ‘Race: The Power of Illusion’, race and racial groups are two different things. In the early days, whites were considered a race while African Americans were viewed as a racial group.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on PBS Sorting People Assignment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This shows the element of discrimination in the view of the whites. During the sorting activity, for example I only managed to get two of each category correct. I attribute this to the fact that I grouped the individuals based on their physical features that I could see on them. This goes to show that just by looking at the visible physical features; one cannot accurately determine another person’s race. My definition of race is a group of people who after living together for a period of time, are able to integrate each other’s individual cultures into theirs and be comfortable with them. In the sorting people exercise, skin color cannot be an effective indicator of race because for example, the ‘medium light’ shade if skin color is present throughout all the races, and dark skin tone was present in the one of the Asian subject who conventionally, is perceived to all be light skinned. This means that a person with medium light skin can belong to any of the races present in America and a dark skin tone does not necessarily mean that one is black. In addition, blood type is ineffective in classifying race because from the use of the blood type sorting activity, I found out that the blood types O and A, are present throughout all the races provided. In short, this would make use of blood type inaccurate in grouping people into races since one blood type may be present in all races and one another blood type may be isolated to a particula r race. Social construction in relation to race In America, there is a perceived sort of social order according to whichever race you are from. From the early days of slavery and settlement, the whites were always considered the top of the racial ladder. This notion was further affirmed by the fact that most slave owners were white and their slaves were black. This is still further compounded by the fact that the concept of races predates slavery. Before slavery, in America the people had grouped themselves into the whites and American Indians. That is before black slaves shipped in from Africa were added to the frayAdvertising Looking for research paper on ethnicity studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many people view race as a socially constructed entity determined by underlying factors such as politics, social factors and economic factors. Their argument basically states that race is just but a social concept created b y people in order to justify things like wealth and social status without feeling guilty. Moreover, this led to the notion of hypo descent, which refers to the assigning of children of mixed union to a subordinate group, further emphasizes the presence of a social hierarchy of races. This goes to show that children born of mixed unions are not considered in the same light as children born of same race unions. All in all the concept of ‘race’ is one, which is created by the human urge to segregate themselves socially due to certain factors. This is in order to make themselves feel comfortable around people who they perceive to be of equal social stature such that things like racial discrimination have become part of our society because people view themselves as different or superior to another race based on the earlier stated political, economic and social factors. This research paper on PBS Sorting People Assignment was written and submitted by user Taraji Michael to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Explaining Hagar Sarah Analogy In Galatians 4 Religion Essay Essays

Explaining Hagar Sarah Analogy In Galatians 4 Religion Essay Essays Explaining Hagar Sarah Analogy In Galatians 4 Religion Essay Paper Explaining Hagar Sarah Analogy In Galatians 4 Religion Essay Paper The church at Galatia, founded by Paul was at a point of instability. In Paul s absence they were introduced to the jurisprudence by some Judaizers from Jerusalem, who insisted on the Circumcision stand foring the compact of God with Abraham. Their claim was that to be saved one must maintain the jurisprudence and Circumcision. Paul had antecedently preached Jesus to the Galatians but in his absence these Hebrews from Jerusalem came prophesying the jurisprudence to the Gentiles. It is to this terminal that Paul writes to the Galatians, with the exclusive purpose of re-establishing the undiluted message of redemption that he had antecedently preached to them. In seeking to clearly present his message, Paul uses the Hagar-Sarah analogy, together with historical and cultural allusions to drive place his point to the Gentiles and to rectify the false instruction that they had received. The intent of this essay therefore is to supply an analysis of the Sarah Hagar analogy as used by Paul in the book of Galatians 4. Hagar-Sarah Analogy The term analogy refers to similarity or comparing, etc. Analogy plays a important function in job resolution, determination devising, perceptual experience, memory, creativeness, emotion, account and communicating. The primary intent of analogy is to exemplify and cast visible radiation on one country of cognition by mention to a similar, for case Paul uses the Hagar-Sarah analogy to rebut false instructions. The apostle Paul was faced with a undertaking of rectifying unorthodoxies taught by some Judaizers. The textual and historical stuff suggests that their instruction hindered the Christians at Galatia, doing them to follow after the jurisprudence of Circumcision. Hebrews came from Jerusalem learning that what Paul had taught could non be taken at face value, his instructions and apostleship were questioned, and to the Galatians this must hold been true, since this message was coming from Jews from Jerusalem, the 1s who received the jurisprudence, Abraham s posterities. Their message was that an person can non merely accept Jesus and make off with the jurisprudence ; accepting Jesus is good but one besides needs to maintain the Law of Moses every bit good as partake in Circumcision of the flesh ( foreskin ) . Even the cursory reader of Galatians could non neglect to experience the force of Paul s righteous choler. In Galatians 3:1, he charges: You foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? It would look that Paul was annoyed by the Galatian s attitude of accepting another message apart from the message they had foremost received. The philosophy of the Judaizers displeased Paul so much that he made a comparing of Hagar and Sarah. The Hagar-Sarah analogy represents bondage which is found in detecting the Law of Moses and freedom which is found in Jesus Christ. At this occasion it is of import to give a briefing on these two adult females. Hagar Hagar was the slave or housemaid of Sarah, who gave birth to a boy on Sarah s petition in an effort to carry through God s promise, Genesis 16:1-2. Hagar s boy mocked Isaac after he was wean, this angered Sarah who sent Hagar and her boy off, observing that her boy would non portion in Isaac s the heritage, Genesis 21:8-10. It would look that Hagar was the chief parent in her boy s life as there is no record in Bible to bespeak that she was married, Genesis 21 ; 20. Some believe that the Keturah spoken of in Genesis 25:1 that Abraham married refer to Hagar. On rating of this theory, it can be stated that Hagar was an Egyptian, Genesis 16:1, whilst some school of idea suggest that Keturah was an Ethiopian. In add-on, Hagar was stated as giving birth to one boy, viz. , Ishmael. The Bibles record that Ishmael would be blessed and 12 states would come from him ( 1 histories 1:29 ) . Keturah on the other manus is noted in Genesis 25:2 and 1 Histories 1:32 as holding six boies, Ishmael s name was non mentioned. These biblical mentions do non favor Keturah as Ishmael s female parent, but instead Hagar. Hence it can be deduced that Hagar and Keturah are different people. Sarah Sarah was the married woman of Abraham, the adult male whom Bible refers to as believing God, who in bend God credited him as righteous, Genesis 15:6. Sarah was a low adult female. She was the female parent of Isaac, the lone boy that she gave birth to in her old age. Sarah was besides the proprietor of a housemaid or break ones back miss, Genesis 16:1. Subsequently her name was changed by God from Sarai to Sarah because of God s compact with them, Genesis 17:15. So, Sarah was a free adult female, decently married ; the bearer, along with Abraham her Husband of God s Promises. This analogy which Paul presents is of great significance, it shows what is of import to the Christian experience and endurance. Through chapters one to four there is a patterned advance, in which Paul addresses the distractions which came against the belief of the Galatians into following another Gospel. The 4th chapter high spots an analogy which is geared to gnaw the instructions of the Judaizers. There is a school of idea which hold that Paul does non give a right history of Bible because of the manner in which he uses this analogy ; grounds of this can be seen in the work of Tondo, who suggest that Paul was a false prophesier because he tried to invalidate the importance of the jurisprudence in his Sarah Hagar analogy. Another school nevertheless asserts that Paul s usage of this analogy is appropriate because it proves to the Galatians and Judaizers that the lone manner for them to be justified or made righteous is by the sacrificial decease of Christ on the cross. He does this by indicating his audience to the failing of the Law, comparing it to Hagar the slave miss. His statement meant that works or human attempt would non be sufficient to set world in right standing with God. This is seen in the manner he links two adult females and their boies. In Galatians 4:22-23 Paul focuses on the two boies and the two adult females or female parents associated with Abraham. Paul first introduces the boies non by their names, indicating to Bible by utilizing the word written in verse 22 to examine into or to foreground the insufficiencies of the Judaizers apprehension of Bible. This word written is merely to admit that it is stated in the Old Testament scriptures. Evidence of the usage of this word written , to intend the Law is besides seen in the ministry of Jesus Christ, Matthew 4:4. Paul goes farther to talk of one boy who is born of a slave adult female ; neither boy nor female parent s name being given. He so introduces another boy and female parent whose names are besides non mentioned. In this instance this female parent is acknowledged as a free adult female. When one speaks of slave it carries the thought of one non being in control of his or her life and is owned by person else. In this instance it can be implied that since the female parent is owned by person, the boy automatically is owned by the same individual. The slave adult female and her boy are contrasted with the free adult female and her boy. This portrays the free adult female and her boy as non being slaves or in bondage to anyone. Paul continues by indicating out the mode of birth of both boies. He foremost refers to the slave adult female s, boy s birth as ordinary. The idea which Paul seems to convey is that it did non necessitate a particular miracle in the birth of this boy, instead it was done out of human attempt and pick. Additionally, the Apostle purports that the free adult female s boy is as a consequence of a promise, which seems to bespeak that the lone ground that this free adult female gave birth to a boy is as a consequence of a promise or understanding and this promise was given by God. This can be substantiated by the Genesis history in chapter 21:1-2. Ridderbos cited in Boles noted that Isaac s birth was so unnatural it prompted some Judaic theologists to construe it as a virgin birth. Boles farther explained that Isaac s birth signifies the grace of God on the lives of those who are non able to utilize their attempt to carry through something desired. Paul now expounds on the analogy of the free adult female and the slave adult female. It is interesting that Paul uses these adult females to talk of two compacts. His attack is to contrast the Judaizers philosophy to that of freedom found in Jesus Christ. At this point it is of import to analyze the compacts that the Apostle references in verse 24 of Galatians 4. In analyzing these compacts it is indispensable that one understands what a compact is to better appreciate why the Apostle chose to show himself in this mode. Covenants by and large speak of particular understandings between two or several parties as cited by. Paul hence represents Hagar as the compact given at Mount Sinai which gives birth to kids who are to be slaves, Galatians 4:24. On nearing this poetry it seems that Paul is showing a false instruction by foregrounding Hagar s kids, seeing that she had one boy as reflected in Genesis 16:15. He farther remarks that Hagar speaks of Mount Sinai in Arabia which reflects the present metropolis of Jerusalem, because she is in bondage with her kids, Galatians 4:25. The Apostle s intervention of these poetries, 24-25 indicates that this compact which represents Hagar is the jurisprudence given at Mount Sinai and her kids are the people to whom it was given. This response to the Judaizers seems to propose that their reading of the Genesis history carried greater truth than they were cognizant of and that they could non maintain the jurisprudence absolutely therefore they tried to detect the ju risprudence by their attempts and in so making it would neer convey about redemption but like Abraham it is merely in God s boy, Abraham s seed Jesus Christ can one be made justified or declared Righteous by God. Paul references Mount Sinai in Arabia and the present metropolis of Jerusalem and her kids, which in this instance would be mentioning to the Judaizers, to be in bondage due to their disbelief in Jesus Christ entirely. These two poetries appear to intend the same thing it hence indicates the Paul uses them to emphasize his point. A contrasting position is so used in verse 26 of Galatians 4 to show a Jerusalem non the present metropolis of Jerusalem. Paul shows her as the one that is above to indicate out that she is at a higher degree than the present metropolis indicating that she is free or non in bondage and is our female parent, our mentioning to himself and the Galatians Christians. This taken into position would intend that the kids of Sarah would include everyone who is free, intending the Galatians who foremost accepted the Gospel of redemption which is found merely in Jesus Christ and by the credence or religion in this Gospel they are made free and declared righteous in the sight of God. Paul returns in poetry 28 by confirming his stance that Galatians Christians are in a better place than the Judaizers. He does this by placing them with Isaac as the kids of promise, non the posterities of Abraham who have non received Jesus as Lord of their lives. Paul so moves on to repeat his point in poetry 29 by showing a historical scene of Ishmael, who is non mentioned in this chapter, Genesis 21:8-10. Normally the first Born who in this instance was Ishmael, inherits from the male parent. However it did non use in this case because the promise was given entirely to Abraham and Sarah and hence could non be applied to Abraham and Hagar. The apostle equates the mocking or persecution of the Galatians to the unorthodoxy promoted by the Judaizers as similar to Ishmael and Isaac, in that the Galatians, like Isaac, were the rightful inheritors of the promise, therefore the statement of the Judaizers had no footing. Paul so sought to contextualize the jurisprudence that the Judaizers held on to by explicating the restrictions of the jurisprudence by doing a comparing between the free adult female and the bond adult female. He put the issue into perspective by clarifying that the bond adult female, like the jurisprudence dullard no relevancy to the dispensation of Grace, John 1:12-13 and 17. Consequently, Christ is presented as the lone manner that the Galatians Christians are free and called kids of freedom, Galatians 4:31. Decision In drumhead therefore, the chief subject of Paul s Hagar-Sarah analogy used by Apostle Paul in Galatians 4 is to rebut the philosophy of the Judaizers. He does this by foregrounding the cardinal failing of their place. Theirs was a philosophy of bondage his was one of freedom in and through Christ. His was reliable because it was rooted in the compact ; theirs was non. In order to drive place and seal his statement, Paul s historical and cultural allusion would non hold been lost on their readers, peculiarly the Judaizers who were legalizing their philosophy by mentioning to their Judaic heritage. Paul uses the really thing that they relied on to sabotage their place.

Drugs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Drugs - Essay Example In addition, there is the focus on the population and trends of drug use. The trend is commonly established from students as the vulnerable population. The data gained is said to help in determining the prevalence and associated risk. The chapter also highlights various surveys done on trends in drug use. One credible source is shown to be National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). The chapter also highlights factors related to drug use. These factors are shown as gender, race and ethnicity, level of education, personality, and genetics. Moreover, the chapter highlights factors that may motivate an individual to use the drug. Chapter 2 largely focuses on problems related to drug use and few issue of law in relation to drugs. The section shows how laws have changed in the United States concerning issues related to drugs. The main concerns for law were the danger posed by drugs, habit from drug use, and increasing levels of crime in the country. The chapter also highlights toxicity related to drugs. There is also focus on networks involved in collecting information on drug related emergency. One of such network is said to be Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN). The chapter also highlights problems related to drugs. Such problems are listed as addiction, disorders, dependence, and involvement in crime. There is also justification on reasons for drugs

Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Sexuality - Essay Example The lack of genital sensation through injury, for instance, or the fact that somebody does not engage in sexual intercourse or fantasy, does not preclude him or her from being sexual.†1 From this definition it can be seen that a person’s sexuality will largely depend on how he or she feels about his or her self and what are the life experiences that leads to such feelings. As an individual develops into an adult, several factors mould the person’s perceptions. Historical, cultural, social, economical and political backgrounds play a major role in determining the personality of an individual and all these aspects will reflect on the person’s attitude, including his or her approach to sexuality. The said factors may also influence the person’s sexual orientation. Thus, sexuality cannot be understood from a single point of view or perspective because human sexual behaviour is complex and has a wide range. Therefore, it has engaged the interest of philos ophers and psychologists right from the ancient times. The eastern cultures, especially the Indians, have explored the topic with an aesthetic approach. The book ‘Kamasutra’ written by a sage named Vatsyayana, is a classic example where â€Å"sexuality is acknowledged as a form of psychic energy which can legitimately find expression in a myriad ways, ranging from tender romantic love and conjugal concord to straightforward lust.†2 This theory focuses on the different ways of sexual expression, and it recognises both tender love and lust as reasonable sexual expressions. It also doesn’t believe that any such sexual expression should be considered as immodest.

Spanish-Speaking Groups in the United States Essay Example for Free

Spanish-Speaking Groups in the United States Essay This research paper will identify the linguistic, political, social, economic, religious, and familial conventions or statuses of Columbian Americans, Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Rican Americans living in the United States.| Cultural Interests of Spanish-Speaking Groups in the United States Cultural interests of Columbian Americans, Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Rican Americans that live in the United States of America are the focus because of the diversity and controversy that surrounds them. The United States grouped all the Spanish-speaking people that originate from Latin America, Central America, or South America together as one ethnic group referred to as Hispanics or Latinos. Cultural interests identified for each of these four groups will consist of their own group’s linguistics, political status, social status, economic status, religious status, and familial conventions. The first Hispanic group we will explore is Columbian Americans. Sturner (2012), â€Å"Spanish is the language of most Colombian-American households in the United States, where it serves as perhaps the surest means of preserving traditions† (Colombian Americans). Columbians do not believe they will remain in the United States because of the immigration restrictions, therefore Columbian Americans traditionally devote themselves to politics in Columbia, and most do not become very involved with American politics (Sturner, 2012). Columbian Americans pursued professional careers and took employment as laborers, factory workers, domestic servants, and opened small businesses (Sturner, 2012). According to Sturner (2012), In the mid-1990’s Colombian Americans had one of the highest average incomes among Latinos and many prospered in business, especially in in ventures in Miami related to trade with Latin America† (Colombian Americans). Socially, they develop strong ties with other  Latinos through informal networks because they share a commonality of Spanish-language media, which provides news, entertainment, and music from Latin America (Sturner, 2012). The Catholic church provides crucial support to Latin Americans throughout the United States and religious ceremonies are closely tied to important customs and traditions, such as compadrazgo (Sturner, 2012). Preservation has been assured in recent years as parishes have added Spanish-language services (Sturner, 2012). Columbian immigrants preserve their family traditions as a focal concern against pressures encountered in American society (Sturner, 2012). Their traditional roles are that the husband is the wage earner, the wife is the homemaker, and the children are taught to obey their parents and respect authority (Sturner, 2012). The second Hispanic group we will explore is Cuban Americans. Those born in the United States tend to be English Speakers and have less facility with Spanish, while those born abroad have greater facility with Spanish and more than half have some English ability as well (Buffington, 2012). Cuban American communities are well assimilated in the United Sta tes and have significant political influence because of their size (Buffington, 2012). Buffington (2012), Cuban Americans are reputed to being conservative politically and to vote overwhelmingly for the Republican Party Elections† (Cuban Americans). The most important political organization for them is the Cuban American National Foundation (CANF) because it is regarded as the representative of the Cuban American community (Buffington, 2012). Economically Cuban Americans closely resemble the total U.S. population and they have greater economic security than other Hispanic groups (Buffington, 2012). They are highly educated and a moderate percentage of their population has completed college or graduate schooling (Buffington, 2012). Most Cuban Americans report and perceive a non-discriminatory relationship with White Americans (Buffington, 2012). Cuban Americans overwhelmingly identify themselves as Roman Catholics, however a small percentage are some form of Protestantism, and one-quarter of native-born Cuban Americans say they either have no preference or have another religious affiliation (Buffington, 2012). Most Cuban American families have inherited the American way of life, which is significantly different from the tradition al Cuban family in many ways (Buffington, 2012). Compadres or grandparents are less likely to play significant roles of  Cuban American children and Cuban American women are more likely to have greater authority in the family because of joining the workforce to contribute to the household income for security and independence of the family (Buffington, 2012). The third Hispanic group we will explore is Mexican Americans. Spanish has remained their primary language of all Mexicans in the Southwestern United States. It became necessary for workers and students to become proficient in English to continue to work and get an education. The Political Association of Spanish-Speaking Organizations (PASSO) and Mexican American Political Association (MAPA) were created to articulate ethnic political goals (Englekirk Marin, 2012). Unhappy with both the Democratic and Republican parties in 1970, Mexican Americans created an alternative political party called La Raza Unida (LRU), which had remarkable success (Englekirk Marin, 2012). Traditionally the voting patterns of Mexican Americans have been Democratic at the presidential level. The majority of Hispanic-owned businesses existing in the United States are controlled by Mexican Americans, and this has contributed to the growth of the Mexican American middle class. Englekirk and Marin (2012), Despite the diversification in employment into sectors of the national economy, wages have remained low for most members of the Mexican American community† (Mexican Americans). Englekirk and Marin (2012), â€Å"Following the Mexican-American War, increasing violence perpetrated by Anglo Americans made Mexicans and Mexican Americans intensely aware of their subordinate status within the American Southwest† (Mexican Americans). Mexican Americans created a variety of social and political organizations that promoted ethnic solidarity to attempt to cope with their second-class status. The majority of the Mexican American population is of the Catholic faith with a small percentage that converted to Protestantism and other faiths. In the traditional Mexican American family their extended family and closest friends are just as much a part of their family as their immediate family because of a system of mutual dependence and respect for elders that creates a close-knit family unit. The last Hispanic group we will explore is Puerto Ricans. Proper Castilian Spanish is the native language of Puerto Ricans. Green (2012), Although English is taught to most elementary school children in Puerto Rican public schools, Spanish remains the primary language on the island of Puerto Rico (Puerto Rican  Americans). There is a substantially higher rate of voter participation among Puerto Ricans on the island than on the U.S. ma inland. There is political cynicism among the Puerto Ricans because of the lack of opportunity and education for the migrated population, but the Puerto Rican population can be a major political force when organized (Green, 2012). Some problems such as crime, drug-abuse, poor educational opportunities, unemployment, and the breakdown of the Puerto Rican family structure have caused them to be overall, the most economically disadvantaged Latino group in the United States (Green, 2012). Puerto Rican American social assimilation has been one of great success mixed with serious problems (Green, 2012). Green (2012), Because many Puerto Ricans are of mixed Spanish and African descent, they have had to endure the same sort of racial discrimination often experienced by African Americans† (Puerto Rican Americans). Most Puerto Ricans are Catholic, but dominance has been declining and the presence of many various form of Protestants has been increasing (Green, 2012). Among the Puerto Rican Catholics, a small minority actively practice some version of Santeria (Green, 2012). Green (2012), Puerto Rican family and community dynamics have an extensive Spanish influence and still tend to reflect the intensely patriarchal social organization of European Spanish culture† (Puerto Rican Americans). Both men and women have strong roles in childbearing and place a high value on educating their children. Since we have explored these four races, we can clearly understand the similarities and differences between them. They have been grouped together regardless of their origin because they share the Spanish language. We can be sure that Columbian Americans, Cuban Americans, Mexican Americans, and Puerto Rican Americans make up a very diverse ethnic group. Each race is unique in their cultural traditions about family and religious beliefs. Their economics, social status, and political views we explored are only a very small reflection of who they are and how they live their lives in the United States. References Buffington, S. (2012). Countries and their Cultures. Retrieved from http://everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Cuban-Americans.html Englekirk, A. Marin, M. (2012). Countries and their Cultures. Retrieved from http://everyculture.com/multi/Le-Pa/Mexican -Americans.html Green, D. (2012). Countries and their Cultures. Retrieved from http://everyculture.com/multi/Pa-Sp/Puerto-Rican-Americans.html Schaefer, R. T. (2006). Racial and Ethnic Groups (sixth ed.). Retrieved from University of Phoenix eBook Collection database. Sturner, P. (2012). Countries and their Cultures. Retrieved from http://everyculture.com/multi/Bu-Dr/Colombian-Americans.html

Illusion of Love in Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay

Illusion of Love in Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream The play A Midsummer Night's Dream is centered around themes that are seemingly apparent and clear: those of true love, false love, love's blindness and the inconstancy of love. However, this pattern of the themes of love dissipate to reveal that these themes are only apparent to the reader who wants them to exist. We want Lysander and Hermia to be in love; we want Demetrius to love Helena as she loves him, but the question arises as to whether these lovers are actually in love. Is Shakespeare providing us with a wholesome tale of true love or is he conveying something more raw, more provocative than that? When taking a closer look at this play, one sees a recurring pattern and another common theme - that of lust and sexuality. The love theme in this play is but an illusion, the reality is that this play is centered around sex and desire. A common focus in A Midsummer Night's Dream is that of eyes and sight. The words "eye," "sight," and "see" occur a total of one hundred seventeen times throughout the play (Berry). One may suggest that this eye imagery conveys the theme of love more strongly as "love is blind" or that love enters through the eyes (Vaughn, 73). However, the eyes are based on the physical world; love is not based on sight alone. The physicality of Shakespeare's use of sight is a direct consequence of lust. One does not love with their eyes, one loves with one's heart and mind; one desires with one's eyes. Similarly, the physicality of the play is also maintained through the constant profession of physical beauty. Helena laments that she wishes she looked like Hermia: O, teach me how you look, and with what art, You sway the motion of Demetr... ...xual undertones and reminds us that often lust and sexual attraction are interpreted as true love and, as humans, we often comply with this illusion of true love and happiness rather than face the realization of the inconstancy sexual attraction. Bibliography Benet, Sula. "May Day." Encyclopedia Americana: Deluxe Library Edition. 1992. Berry, Ralph. Shakespeare's Comedies. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972. Fredal, James. "Herm Choppers, the Adonia, and Rhetorical Action in Ancient Greece." Online posting. National Council of Teachers of English. 28 Feb. 2003 http://www.ncte.org/pdfs/subscribers-only/ce/0645-may02/CE0645Herm.pdf Greenblatt et al., ed. "A Midsumer Night's Dream."The Norton Shakespeare: Comedies. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1997. Vaughn, Jack A. Shakespeare's Comedies. New York: Frederick Uncar Publishing Co., 1980.

Proper Procedures for Production Schedules and Risk Management Essay

In the United States Army Food Program there are specific ways to fill out and prepare documents according to AR 30-22, The Army Food Program. These procedures are outlined in the Department of the Army Pamphlet (DA PAM) 30-22, Operating Procedures for the Army Food Program. This paper will advise the proper way to document the required items on a Production Schedule as well as completing a Risk Management Data Log – Cooking and Serving as summarized from DA PAM 30-22. DA Form 3034, Production Schedule is a document used to outline the specific products to prepare for a meal. Each meal for the day will have a separate completed Production schedule and set of Risk Data Management Logs. A Production Schedule will be prepared despite the size, or environment, weather that be in garrison or in a field environment. When filling out a DA 3034, it should be clearly understood by any cook personnel. Within the DA Form 3034, Production Schedule are 16 data categories or columns. Columns 1 through 6 pertain to the location and meal, the columns include the date and hours of the meal as well as the unit and projected headcount for that meal. Columns 7 through 14 informs the reader of the product including the person assigned to that product and when he or she should start, how many portion to prepare, and the recipe number in witch to follow when preparing that product. After the meal the shift leader would then fill in columns 12 and 13 regarding how many portions were actually prepared during the meal and how many portion discarded or leftover for a following meal. There is also a column to specify all if any special instructions, for example any added ingredients or specific details on how the manager wants that product to be prepared. Leftovers or discards should be entered immediately after the meal is completed. These items should be filled out in pen weather blue or black and highlighted with a read through fluorescent marker. These items should also reflect on the subsequent menu. Any menu changes including but not limited to; portion size, ingredients used, or serving instructions will be annotated. On the AFMIS generated Production Schedule it also list the products that have Critical Control Points or CCP’s. These points represent the potential for bacterial growth if the product reaches above or below a specified temperature. Reference TB MED 530 for more information regarding those temperatures. For products noted with a CCP you must check the product throughout the meal to make sure that foods stay at the right temperature. IE: Hot foods need to stay at or above 140 degrees for 15 seconds or longer. Cold foods need to stay at or below 40 degrees for 15 seconds or longer. On the production schedule you should annotate the readings as the temperature/15 seconds followed by your initials. For example 145/15 sec. JS. Annotating CCP’s on a DA 3034 Production Schedule along with completing a DA Form 7458 Risk Management Data Log Cooking and DA Form 7459 Risk Management Data Log Serving is required to maintain food safety and health measures. Risk Management Data Logs are used to document appropriate safety monitoring measures of the cooking and serving process according to TB MED 530. The shift leader will fill out the DA Form 7458 with the appropriate date and meal as well as who is monitoring the products to be checked. On the Cooking Data Log the products to check for breakfast should include 2 meat items and 2 other hot items. For lunch and dinner, 3 entree items should be checked as well as any leftovers intended to be used for that meal. You should monitor the internal temperature for the specified product throughout the cooking process until the internal cooking temperature is reached (specified in TB MED 530). On the DA Form 7459 Risk Management Data Log Serving you should check three menu items that are cold served focusing on items like pasta, diced meats, fruit and vegetable cut ups, and creams found most commonly in desserts. For hot serving during breakfast check 2 meats to make sure they are holding an internal temperature of 140 degrees or higher for at least 15 seconds or longer. Be sure to include one self-service item as well. It is required that you check the same items 2 to 3 times during the serving period. For the lunch and dinner periods check at least one meat and 3 other hot menu items. When filling out the information onto the 7458 and 7459 Data Logs you have different CAT’s or categories. On the 7458 you have CAT’s 1, 2, and, 3 respectively they correspond with the cooking temperature required 1, >145 2, >155 3, >165 these temperatures are concurrent with the internal temperatures needed for the different meats used in the products (reference TB MED 530 for the different meat internal temperatures). For each product enter the CAT and the piece of equipment you used to cook or heat the product. Then annotate the times and temperature each time you checked the product throughout the process. If the required temperature is not reached when you check the product continue cooking and mark the corrective action. On a 7459 Serving Data Log annotate each products CAT and location of the product and the times and temperature of the product when you check it as well as any corrective action for products in non-compliance. For each day and meal period a separate 7458 and 7459 Risk Management Data Log must be completed. By following these simple steps when filling out a DA Form 3034 and DA Forms 7458 and 7459 you are ensuring that the proper procedures are maintained in the Army Food Program.

Do Insects Have Brains

Even tiny insects have brains, though the insect brain does not play as important a role as human brains do. In fact, an insect can live for several days without a head, assuming it does not lose a lethal amount of hemolymph, the insect equivalent of blood, upon decapitation. 3 Lobes of the Insect Brain The insect brain resides in the head, located dorsally, or to the back. It consists of three pairs of lobes: protocerebrumdeutocerebrumtritocerebrum These lobes are fused ganglia, clusters of neurons that process sensory information. Each lobe controls different activities or functions. Neurons vary in number among insect brains. The common fruit fly has 100,000 neurons, while a honeybee has 1 million neurons. (That compares to about 86 billion neurons in a human brain.) The first lobe, called the protocerebrum, connects via nerves to the compound eyes and the ocelli, which are light-sensing organs that detect movement and controls sight. The protocerebrum contains the mushroom bodies, two bunches of neurons that make up a significant part of the insect brain. These mushroom bodies comprise three regions: calicespedunclealpha and beta lobes The neurons here are called the Kenyon cells. The calices serve as the input areas where external stimuli are received; the peduncle is the transfer region, and the alpha and beta lobes are the output region. The middle of the three main brain lobes, the deutocerebrum, innervates the antennae or supplies them with nerves. Through neural impulses from the antennae, the insect may collect odor and taste cues, tactile sensations, or even environmental information such as temperature and humidity. The third main lobe, the tritocerebrum, performs several functions. It connects to the labrum, an insects movable upper lip, and integrates sensory information from the other two brain lobes. The tritocerebrum also connects the brain to the stomodaeal nervous system, which functions separately to innervate most of the insects organs. Insect Intelligence Insects are smart and have a considerable ability to memorize. There is a strong correlation between mushroom body size and memory in many insects as well as between the size of the mushroom bodies and behavioral complexity. The reason for this attribute is the Kenyon cells’ remarkable plasticity: They will readily rebuild the neural fibers, acting as a sort of neural substrate on which new memories can grow. Macquarie University professors Andrew Barron and Colin Klein argue that insects have a rudimentary form of consciousness that allows them to feel things like hunger and pain and perhaps very simple analogs of anger. They cannot, however, feel grief or jealousy, they say. They plan, but dont imagine, says Klein. Functions Not Controlled by the Brain The  insect  brain controls only a small subset of functions required for an insect to live. The stomodaeal nervous system and other ganglia can control most body functions independent of the brain. Various ganglia throughout the body control most of the overt behaviors we observe in insects. Thoracic ganglia control locomotion, and abdominal ganglia control reproduction and other functions of the abdomen. The subesophageal ganglion, just below the brain, controls the mouthparts, salivary glands, and movements of the neck. Sources Johnson, Norman F., and Borror, Donald Joyce. Borror and DeLongs Introduction to the Study of Insects. Triplehorn, Charles A., cont., 7th Edition, Thomson Brooks/Cole, 2005, Belmont, Calif.Srour, Marc. Insect Brains and Animal Intelligence. Bioteaching.com, 3 May 2010.Tucker, Abigail. â€Å"Do Insects Have Consciousness?†Ã‚  Smithsonian.com, Smithsonian Institution, 1 July 2016.